托福试题第1篇TheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheNorthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolut下面是小编为大家整理的托福试题14篇,供大家参考。
托福试题 第1篇
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates" independence on urban growth in New
The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
正确答案：
BBDDC DCBCA C
托福试题 第2篇
to paragraph 1, what was trueof Europe during the medieval Agricultural productivity was relatively little general level of prosperity trade began to play an importantrole in the word key in the passage(Paragraph1)is closest in meaning to paragraph 2, one effect ofthe desire to increase food production was land was cultivated in a different farmers were rural economy was forests and wetlands were used to paragraph 3, what was onereason villages had such great economic were located in regions whereagricultural production was relatively were relatively small inpopulation and size compared with urban village inhabitants made investmentsin industrial inhabitants established markets withintheir 4 supports the idea thatincreased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industryprimarily because the number of available workersin rural new types of raw materials foruse by resulted in an improvement in the healthof the rural cottage workers used by helped repair some of the ravages of theThirty Years’ word “meager” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning very does the author mention that “Englishand Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain andPortugal”(Paragraph 5) suggest that England and theNetherlands were the two most important trading nations in suggest how extensive tradingrelations contrast the importance ofagricultural products with manufactured argue that shipping introduced a rangeof new including the quotation in paragraph 6by the financier from Antwerp, the author is emphasizing was an important aspect of increasing the number of water routesmade trade of exchange were necessary forsuccessful often exaggerated the need forbills of to paragraph 6, merchants wereable to avoid the risk of carrying large amounts of gold and silver third parties in Marseille to buygoods for doing all their business by using paying for their purchases through billsof waiting to pay for goods until the goodshad been to paragraph 7, until theeighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following toprovide funds for the of who took Business phrase “an English innovation” inthe passage(Paragraph 8)is closest in meaning new development introduced by arrangement found only in a type of agreement negotiated type of partnership based on to paragraph 8, each of thefollowing was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion of investors engaged in short-termfinancial the Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the Wherewould the sentence best fit? They could also avoid having to identify andassess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different development of banking and otherfinancial services contributed to the expansion of By the middle of thesixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchangein place of gold or silver for other Bills of exchange, which had theirorigins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay aspecified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to In this way, they provided ■【A】Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can nomore trade without bills of exchange than sail without " ■【B】Merchants nolonger had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous ■【C】An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch ■【D】Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant"s owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the Thisquestion is worth 2 late sixteenth-and earlyseventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansionof trade were important in economic more land under cultivationproduced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well asfor supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural rural villages established an arrangementwith a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urbanmarkets to sell any handicrafts they Increases in population and theexpansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale incharacter but some requiring significant capital capital was required for theproduction of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of creditthroughout of Europe as well as distant markets of exchange were invented inmedieval Italy but became less important as banks began to provide loans expansion of trade was facilitated bydevelopments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the hugeinflux of capital in the form of gold silver from the
托福试题 第3篇
有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。
在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析词汇题上下文的句子，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。
做阅读题首先要花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果最后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。
托福文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。所以，采取"结构扫描"法，意味着以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。
托福试题 第4篇
of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?
big the toys are?
much the toys cost?
the toys can do?
the toys are made?
word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning to
the truth
paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?
represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from those of
generally involve comparisons among only a small group of
reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than those of actual
reflect the advertiser"s viewpoint about the
advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest that
cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced
cereal contains equal amounts of all
is a healthier breakfast than other foods
cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast
to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers made in advertisements EXCEPT
are qualifications or conditions put on a
may be used to balance
are usually presented in both audio and visual
are often difficult for children to
word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning to
3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?
children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is real or
children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other techniques used in
children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used in advertising aimed at
children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy .
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children"s emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their
appeals to children"s psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in
appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations
appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically
word "attributes" (Paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to
paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?
help explain what is meant by the term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to
explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host
compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at
indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on
word "credible"(Paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning to
to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?
It is most effective with children who watch a lot of
It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most
It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in marketing other kinds of
It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit? Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is
■【A】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young ■【B】Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at ■【C】In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy ■【D】Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children"s attention, particularly in food Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2
Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead
can be misleading to children when the advertisements use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to
may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by advertisers or understand the disclaimers used to offset
the use of celebrities is not necessarily effective in advertisements aimed at children, there is evidence that host selling can positively affect their views of a
show that misleading tactics are used most often in commercials for breakfast cereals, with toy commercials using such tactics only slightly less
use of fantasy is especially common in advertisements for children, but children may not be able to distinguish fantasy from
young children are particularly influenced by host selling, while slightly older children are more readily misled by seemingly rational claims such as “the ”
托福试题 第5篇
阅读经典加试 7Title: Modification of weather
概述：modification of weather 多年来人们一直努力改变天气。最初是发现一战期间，降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关)，美国农业部开始试验。后来 1946 年，有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow 文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用 dry ice和 silver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture freeze around 也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高，但是调查并没有显示这个说法。这种 cloud seeding 办法继续发展，用别的物质替代干冰。但是很多人 concern这种办法，会对 local 的环境带来影响，但是并无定论。
托福试题 第6篇
一、列举和并列句
列举指的是：
First, Second, Third,.。。等逐条列出。并列句是指：A ，B and C，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：
Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。
2 . EXCEPT 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如：
All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点。我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句
托福听力段落题型及解题要点
如何用逆向搜索法得高分
如何提高托福听力水平
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明：
A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句
句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
四、数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 题。
五、最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是 概念绝对 ， 答案唯一 ，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题：
What color hats did some people choose 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。
六、比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as as ，like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。
七、同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is ， ，or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。
这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。
八、因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：
(1) 因果连词：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等
(2)表示因果的动词：cause ，result in ，originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词：
base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈。因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
九、段落句
文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出(1)主题性问题，(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。
十、特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：
(1) 破折号，表示解释。考细节性问题;
(2) 括号，表示解释。考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号。表示引用，考细节性问题：
(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。
托福试题 第7篇
第一种：完全没有做题，对于做题方法不熟悉
在短短的一个月内，想要在托福的阅读部分获得一个较高的分数，还是需要不断的努力的。针对做题方法不熟悉这个问题：
需要大家在一个月的时间内，按照老师所讲的托福阅读的方法，来做大量的练习——刷题。俗话说 “纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行”，大多数学生一直都是在听老师讲解，托福阅读细节题怎么做，推断题怎么做，修辞目的题怎么做，但如果你自己没有认真的去做几套题，你是永远无法掌握老师口中所讲的方法的，也不能体会题干中的规律和奥妙。因此对于没有做过托福阅读练习的同学来说，首先要做的就是，通过多做练习来提高托福阅读做题方法的熟练度。对于做题方法都不太熟悉的同学来说，还是尽快的熟悉下托福阅读的题型，学习做题方法，进行练习，这样才能够达到最佳的效果。
第二种：经过了专门的学习和练习，有些同学们还是会经常做错题，及觉得做题时间不够
对于第二类同学，也是占绝大多数的同学来说，学会总结是至关重要的。既然我们都是经过了长时间的准备，对于托福阅读的题型也很了解，那为什么还是会有错题呢?
大多数同学在做题的过程中，会遇到一个问题：不符合题干。也就是说，我们做题的过程当中，并没有完全的符合文章的意思。很多同学在找到关键句之后，总是“我以为…”“我认为…”可是，这些认为，并不符合文章的意思，这也是导致大部分同学做题出错的罪魁祸首之一。其次，不符合题干，并不仅仅指同学们自己想的部分，还包括大家自己做题的时候偷换概念。
让我们举官方真题Official20当中的一道题进行说明，这道题非常有代表性：
Q6 According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?
A It granted government-supported loans to
B It provided farmland at an affordable
C It required banks to offer loans to
D It enabled farmers to sell their land for a
大多数同学都能够通过1820这个年代找到原文中相关的描写部分：In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper (在1820年，通过了一个新的土地法案，一个农场用100美元就能够买下。)这句话的意思非常简单，但是为什么还是有这么多同学会选错呢? 原因就是因为他们所关注的是法案的内容，而不是题目中所问的法案的重要性。这就是我们所说的，大家自己在偷换概念。此时，需要大家再次看清审题。因此建议同学们应采纳的做题顺序为：读题目找关键词---读句子---再次读题---选出正确选项。这样做的好处是既让大家看清楚题目，又能快而准确的解题。有时候因为题目没有读仔细，我们会出现重复看文段的现象，这样就降低了做题速度。不重复地去读文段，是解决托福阅读做题速度慢的最佳方法。
托福试题 第8篇
1) aer, ar, 含义是“空气，大气” aeroplane, aerial,
2) ag, act, ig, 含义是“做，动作” active, agent, reaction,
3) alt, 含义是“高”， altitude,
4) alter, altern, altr, 含义是“其它，变更” alternate,
5) bio, bi, bion, 含义是“生物，生命” biology, bionics(仿生学)
6) brev, bri, brief, 含义是“短” brief, abbreviation, abridge(节略)
7) cap, capt, cept, cip, 含义是“取，获” capture, except, concept, capacity
8) ced, ceed, cess, 含义是“行，让步” proceed, succeed, excess(过度)
9) centr, centr, 含义是“中心” concentrate, eccentric(偏心的)
10) clain, clam, 含义是“呼喊” claim, proclaim, exclaim
11) clos, clud, 含义是“闭合” conclude, enclose, include
12) col, cult, 含义是“耕耘” colony, cultivate, agriculture
13) cor, cord, 含义是“心” cordial, record, accord
14) curr, cur, cour, 含义是“跑，动作” current, occur, concurrence(同时发生)
15) dic, dict, 含义是“说，示” dictate, edit, indicate, predict
16) doc, doct, 含义是“教” doctor,
17) duc, duct含义是“引导，传导” introduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推论)
18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含义是“做，创造” factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect
19) fend, fens, 含义是“打，击” defence, offence
20) fer, 含义是“搬运，移转” ferry, transfer, defer(迟延)
21) fin, finit, 含义是“终，极” final, finish, confine
22) firm, 含义是“坚固” firm, confirm, affirm(断定)
23) fix, 含义是“固定” prefix, affix(附加)
24) flect, flex, 含义是“弯曲” flexible, reflex
25) flor, flour, flower, 含义是“花” flower, flourish
26) form, 含义是“形” uniform, formula, transform, reform, deform
27) forc, fort, 含义是“力，强度” force, enforce, effort
28) gen, genit, 含义是“生产，发生” generate, generation
29) gram, graph, 含义是“书写，记录” telegram, diagram, photograph
30) grad, gress, gred, gree, 含义是“步，阶段” gradually, degree, progress
31) hab, habit, hibit, 含义是“保持，住” inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
32) her, hes, 含义是“粘附” adhere, cohesion
33) ject, jet, 含义是“抛射” project, inject
34) jour, 含义是“日，一天” journal(日记), journey, adjourn(延期)
35) jug, junct, 含义是“结合，连合” conjunction, junction(连合)
36) labour, labor, 含义是“劳动，工作” labourer, elaborate, collaborate
37) lect, leg, lig, 含义是“挑选，采集” collect, select, lecture
38) lif, liv, 含义是“生活，生存” life, alive, live
39) loc, 含义是“场所，位置” location, dislocate(脱位)
40) long, leng, ling, 含义是“长的” length, prolong, linger
41) loqu, locut, 含义是“说话” colloquial, eloquent,
42) mand, mend, 含义是“命令” command, demand, recommend
43) man, manu, 含义是“手，手法” manage, manual
44) memor, menber, 含义是“记忆” memory, remember, memorial
45) mind, ment, 含义是“心” mind, remind, mental
46) merc, merch, 含义是“贸易” commerce, merchant
47) meas, mens, meter, metr, 含义是“测量，度量” measure, meter, diameter
48) min, 含义是“小” diminish, minority
49) miss, mit, 含义是“派遣，送” mission, dismiss, transmit, missile
50) mob, mot, mov, 含义是“动” movement, motion, mobile, remove
托福试题 第9篇
【1】尽管干旱，撒哈拉的物种极其多样，并自公元前10,000年前开始已经历了数次重大气候变迁。直到公元前6,000年前，沙漠的南部边界比现在的位置要靠北很多，那时半干旱的草原和浅淡水湖泊覆盖了现在干旱的平原。这里曾经是各种羚羊和一种已灭绝的野牛出没的地方。现在的沙漠地区，像所有干旱地区一样，对降雨量的变化周期极为敏感，因而其动植物的分布变化巨大且迅速。依靠捕食稀少的沙漠动物的居民对待干旱的方式是管理他们捕捉和收集到的野生资源，尤其是需要可靠水源维持生命的野牛。
【2】甚至在干旱之前，撒哈拉地区也从未有充足的水分。人类和野生动物都不停的迁徙，以寻找食物和可靠的水源。在这些情况下，考古学家Andrew Smith 认为随着干旱的持续，沙漠中野牛群会变成更小，组织更紧密的族群。兽群变得更加自律，因此猎人更容易预测他们的习性并随意抓捕。同时，骆驼和人类的行动范围进一步靠近，在固定水源附近长期更亲近的共处。结果骆驼和人类形成了紧密的联合。
【3】Smith相信猎人对猎物更加自律的行为了然于胸。猎人们不再跟随骆驼进行每年一度的迁徙而是开始阻止兽群的迁移。起初他们控制兽群的迁移以获得持续的肉食来源。但很快他们能够在遗传上控制动物，使得兽群的体征迅速变化。南非牧养大羚羊(一种体型较大的非洲羚羊，它们的角短且扭曲)的农民说如果不持续从野外引进公羚羊则其后代体型迅速变小。近亲繁殖的影响同样发生在控制拥有某些额外的可能并未认清的优势的骆驼数量上。最新驯化的动物更易控制，出生率也更高，而反过来也会提供更多奶源。我们从撒哈拉腹地的岩石绘画可知牧民很快就选择一些动物进行繁殖以产生角和颜色不同的后代。
【4】我们仍无法知道骆驼是在北非独立驯化的还是从东南亚引入的。不管驯化的兽群起源何处，东南亚和北非，甚至是欧洲的那些对野生骆驼的行为了然于胸的人们都可能经过了同样的和他们要驯化的动物毗邻而居并逐渐控制它们的过程。随着人们居住环境不断干燥和食物供给的可预测性更强，驯化的尝试很可能发生在很多地方。
【5】骆驼牧养人的财产很少：一些并不精致的罐子和磨光的斧子。他们也利用弓箭捕猎。撒哈拉人在撒哈拉腹地洞穴的墙壁上留下了很重要的关于他们生活的记录。他们的艺术创作保存了大量关于野生动物、骆驼、山羊、人类及其日常生活的各种场景的绘画。这些场景可能追溯到公元前5,000年前。这一时期田园画古迹的广泛分布表明撒哈拉人曾在广泛且独立的牧场上放牧。
【6】大约公元前3,500年前，气候条件又一次恶化。撒哈拉沙漠渐渐地更加干旱，湖泊相继干涸。另外西非内陆降雨增加，并且舌蝇，一种对骆驼致命的昆虫，的种群的北部边界向南移动。所以骆驼牧民也追随大平原区域的主要河流系统向南迁徙。此时，随着撒哈拉人从原本可以种植小麦、大麦和其它一些地中海农作物的区域中迁出，他们可能依靠当地的农作物，例如像高粱和小米一类的依靠夏季降雨的作物。
托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Early Saharan Pastoralists相关
托福试题 第10篇
一、 推理题的标志
推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、 推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：
一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
It is not difficult to imagine what they looked
There were great numbers of
They lived in the sea
They did not leave many fossil
时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were
(B) population statistics were
(C) the population grew
(D) economic conditions were
集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly
What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk
(B) They have no social
(C) They have popular
(D) They do not value
托福试题 第11篇
The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth"s atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon
To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth"s magnetic Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind"s magnetic lines of force with a spiraling The Earth"s magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch Here many of the solar wind"s charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth"s magnetic They then spiral back and forth between the Earth"s magnetic poles very In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible
The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth"s magnetic Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United
Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space
(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth"s poles
(C) The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras
(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras
The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) ideas
(B) stars
(C) events
(D) colors
The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) frame
(B) imagine
(C) describe
(D) explain
The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because
(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth
(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth"s atmosphere
(C) it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind
(D) it is strongest in the polar regions
The word "them" in line 16 refers to
(A) polar regions
(B) electrons
(C) atoms and molecules
(D) aurora radiations
According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?
(A) greenish-white
(B) crimson
(C) blue
(D) violet
The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) change from
(B) connect with
(C) add to
(D) give off
The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) shining
(B) moving
(C) charging
(D) hanging
Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when
(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth
(B) solar flares are very intense
(C) the speed of the solar wind is reduced
(D) the excitation of atoms is low
The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists" understanding of auroras?
(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about
(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about
(C) Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in
(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be
Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) "magnetosphere" (line 6)
(B) "electrons" (line 15)
(C) "ionize" (line 15)
(D) "fusion" (line 29)
正确答案：
BCBBC ADABA A
托福试题 第12篇
一、托福阅读答题顺序错误
顺序影响速度，进而影响考试得分。
考生在托福阅读答题时究竟是先看文章还是先读题，就跟“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的问题一样难解，若你还没有找到一个较合理的做题顺序，不妨按照下面的流程来：
先看题，再看每道题目标示出的其对应的段落，并在该段中进行考点定位，阅读，最终选出答案。这样比较容易取得托福阅读高分。
二、托福阅读答题思路错误
常听学生说“这道题做错是因为我当时想多了”。托福阅读的选项之间意思很贴近。而托福阅读基本是在考paraphrase(释义)。
那么在做题的时候一定要注意：答案都是在文中能直接找的到的，不要去做任何推断，哪怕是所谓的推断题。
三、托福阅读答题技巧运用不熟练
首先，我们做题时要时刻保持主动性。这里的主动是指在读文章的时候应主动思考并预判下文以及出题点。并且这招也是很多高分学员分享的经验。那么，“采取主动预判的做题方式，能够帮助你更快的完成题目”这就是一种做题技巧。
不过，知道了技巧和会运用可是两码事。如何熟练的运用?要做系统的训练：托福阅读的每篇文章的逻辑结构都是很严谨的，并且这种严谨的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。
四、阅读核心基本功-单词量不够
很多25/26分的学生刷了数次托福阅读依旧没有满分，分析原因发现他们有一个共性，那就是单词背的不扎实。单词不过关，很容易对题目和文章内容的理解产生偏差。因为你只有看懂了，才会明白题意，才知道如何答题。不以词汇量为基础的所有做题技巧都是不可靠的。所以还是得踏踏实实背单词!
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 6相关
托福试题 第13篇
【1】地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。这种热量还可以用来驱动发电机发电以及为家庭供暖。水流经地表下可能几百甚至几千英尺深的热岩区域(一种热储)被加热，当被加热的水将热量传递出来时，地热能就可以实际形式加以利用了。这些水通常是沿着岩石的断面下渗的天然地下水，少数情况下是人为从地表泵入的水。通过为了采集地热能所钻的孔，这些水会以液体或蒸汽的形式被带到地表。
【2】到目前为止，最丰富的地热能形式介于相对较低的80到180摄氏度的温度。在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以提取出足够的热量供居住区、商业区和工业区取暖。目前在法国有20 000间以上的公寓是由温暖的地下水供暖的，这些地下水来自位于巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地质构造的热储。冰岛位于一个被称为是大西洋中脊的火山构造之上。冰岛的首都雷克雅维克完全是用火山热产生的地热能供暖的。
【3】温度高于180摄氏度的地热储集层可用来发电。这类地热储集层主要位于有近期火山活动的区域，以干热的岩石、天然热水或天然蒸汽的形式存在。后两种形式的储集层局限于少数区域，在这些区域，地表水通过地下断层或断裂渗入到被近期的熔岩活动加热的深层岩石。世界上最大的天然蒸汽供应位于加州旧金山以北120公里处的盖沙斯。二十世纪九十年代，那里产出的电能足够满足旧金山半数的需求。当时该电厂已经有三十个年头了，开始显示出发电量下降的迹象，这可能是由于过度的开发所致。到二十世纪九十年代末，加州、犹他州、内华达州和夏威夷约有70个地热发电厂在运转，产生的电能足够满足一百万人的需求。目前有18个国家在利用地热能发电。
【4】要从极干热的岩石中提取热量存在一个更大的难题：岩石需要有裂缝才能让水流通，而且水必须是人工提供的。通过泵入高压水可以将岩石断裂。开发利用此能源的技术的实验正在进行之中。
【5】就像大多数其它能源一样，地热能也具有一些环境问题。如果抽取地下热水而又不泵回，地表就会下沉。此外，地热加热的水含有从热岩中溶出的盐分和有毒物质。这些水如果不能被输送回抽取的地方，将会产生处理方面的问题。
【6】地热能对世界能源未来的贡献是难以估量的。地热能在某种意义上讲是不可再生的，因为多数情况下，与热量流经坚硬的岩石到达热储这个极为缓慢的地质作用的更新速度相比，从热储提取热量的速度要快得多。不过，在很多地区(例如加州、夏威夷、菲律宾、日本、墨西哥、非洲的裂谷)，这种能源可能非常可观，它的前景将取决于经济的生产。目前，我们只能有效地利用天然形成的热水或蒸汽形式的地热能。尽管潜能巨大，近期之内地热能可能只能对毗邻用户以及经济状况良好的地区做出重要的局部贡献，就像在加州、新西兰和冰岛地区的情况一样。如果可能的话，地热能估计要到二十一世纪才能对世界的能源预算做出大的贡献。
托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Geothermal Energy相关
托福试题 第14篇
一、带-ing词尾的介词
barring：except，not including除……外
concerning：about，regarding论及，关于
excepting=except
failing：in default of因缺少……;在缺少……时
following：after in time;as a sequel to在……以后
including：if we include如果包括我;……包括在内
pending：during/until在……期间/直到……为止
regarding：about，concerning，in respect of
二、成语介词
according tas stated by/ in proportion根据……/依照……
ahead of：further forward in space or time sb/sth; ealier tan sb/sth; further advanced than sb/sth
along with：in addition to;together with另外，加之，还有
apart from：exceping，not considering; in addition to除……外/且莫说;除……之外尚有
as for：with regard to至于
as from：on and after(a specified time)从一特定时间开始
as of=as from
as regards：about，concerning至于，就……而论
as twith regard to关于，至于
because of：on account of，by reason
but for：without the help or hindrane 假如没有……(帮助或障碍等);要不是
by means of凭借……的方法
due tbecause of由于
except for：not including，other than除了
in accordance with：in conformity to一致;依据
in front of：ahead of ，in the presence of在前面;当着……的面
in place of：in exchange for，instead of作为……的交换
in spite of：notwithstanding不管，不顾
instead of：in place of
in view of：considering由于，鉴于
with a view twuth the hope or intention of指望，考虑到
near tto or at a short distance from(in space，time，condition，or resemnlance)
next talmost，virtually几乎
on account of：
beause of
on behalf of：in the interests of;as representative为了……的利益/代表
owing tbecause of由于
prior tbefore在前，居先
together with：as well as和，连同
up tuntil/below or equal to直到/不多于
in regard to=with regard tas concerns，in respect of
in that由于，因为
now that由于
托福阅读经典加试: Modification of weather试题及答案相关
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