托福TPO阅读答案第1篇Question1of14Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofthewhite-taileddeerofPuget下面是小编为大家整理的托福TPO阅读答案6篇,供大家参考。
托福TPO阅读答案 第1篇
Question 1 of 14
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
It is native to lowlands and
It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of
It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open
It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once
Question 2 of 14
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
cause some deer to hibernate
make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
prevent deer from migrating during the winter
Question 3 of 14
The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to
consists of
combines
restricts
establishes
Question 4 of 14
The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to
impatiently
humorously
continuously
immediately
Question 5 of 14
The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over
Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting
There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the
Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading
Question 6 of 14
According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson"s Bay
Deer had begun populating the meadows around the
Deer populations near the fort had been
Crop yields in the area around the fort had
Question 7 of 14
Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?
To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline
To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment
To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement
To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status
Question 8 of 14
The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period
whose end has not been determined
that does not begin when expected
that lasts only briefly
whose importance remains unknown
Question 9 of 14
Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to
The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later
The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never
Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations
Question 10 of 14
The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
decline
recovery
exchange
movement
Question 11 of 14
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better
Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to
According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific
Question 12 of 14
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?
A reduction in the number of predators
Restrictions on hunting
The effects of logging and fire
Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer
Question 13 of 14
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the
Question 14 of 14
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2 Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find
balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of
populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that
the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested
Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United
it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of
biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for
托福TPO阅读答案 第2篇
Question 1 of 14
正确答案：D
题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia 说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。A说反，white-tailed deer现在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A说的来源于;B的比较关系原文无提及;C的replace没有提及。
Question 2 of 14
正确答案：B
题目解析：段落倒数第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late ”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应B选项。很多同学会错选C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal 说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且还说风会leafy branches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A在原文物体及;D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错。
Question 3 of 14
正确答案：C
题目解析：inhibit: 阻止，阻拦。A是组成;B是结合;C是限制，约束;D是建立。根据词意，C正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or 后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。
Question 4 of 14
正确答案：D
题目解析：in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D的immediately对。A是没有耐心的;B是幽默的;C是连续不断地;D是立即地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game 带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。
Question 5 of 14
正确答案：A
题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound 本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。
Question 6 of 14
正确答案：C
题目解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the " 说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对;作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对;A没说。
Question 7 of 14
正确答案：A
题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。
Question 8 of 14
正确答案：A
题目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B没有如期开始，C非常短，D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。
Question 9 of 14
正确答案：B
题目解析：B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错。
Question 10 of 14
正确答案：B
题目解析：B rebound: 反弹。A是下降;B是恢复;C是交换;D是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是B。
Question 11 of 14
正确答案：B
题目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发现了browse in open areas更加有营养。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰(同位语成分)。B选项将主要内容复述了出来。A错在随意篡改语句的注意，原句根本没提到这个人的family;C错在biologist like E，这改变了原文的主语，而且it is important原句没有说;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，而且遗漏了主干内容，错。
Question 12 of 14
正确答案：D
题目解析：D，排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明了三个原因，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。
Question 13 of 14
正确答案：B
题目解析：B 有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词重叠的原则，B对D错。
Question 14 of 14
正确答案：BCE
题目解析：The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错 Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确。in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确。because选项太细节，不选。although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确。wildlife选项原文没有提及，错。
托福TPO阅读答案 第3篇
生态系统的长期稳定
植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用“演替”来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到500年不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。
现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但一年一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，生态系统自身的性质比组成生态系统的单个生物体更为稳定。
生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的入侵。
不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同“稳定”的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化是最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。
即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。总的来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一般来说，一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。
生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。
现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来于自多样性，而是来自环境的“补缀”，随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。
托福TPO阅读答案 第4篇
The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Natural
○Final
○Specific
○Complex
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
○They occur at the end of a
○They last longer than any other type of
○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not
○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a
Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the
According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties
Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of
According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax
According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always
○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “”
○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by
○There are many different answers to ecological
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?
○They are more resilient than pioneer
○They can be considered both the most and the least stable
○They are stable because they recover quickly after major
○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s )
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they
○They support many species when they reach
○They are found in temperate
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional
The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increase
○Ensure
○Favor
○Complicate
In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?
○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity
○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increases proportionally
○Differs
○Loses significance
○Is common
Paragraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of
word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Foreign
○Stable
○Fluid
○Neighboring
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2
The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by
托福TPO阅读答案 第5篇
托福阅读真题：
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500
An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the
At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web
Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500
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Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia
Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer"s Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or But this is fair-weather What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson"s Bay Company, deer populations continued to David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the
Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and No doubt the numbers of deer declined still Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite "
The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in
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